However, in the case of a basketball, the buoyant force can amount to about 1.5% of the ball's weight. The buoyant force is usually small compared to the drag and Magnus forces and can often be neglected. ∑ F = m a, F G + F D + F M + F B = m a = m d v d t = m d 2 r d t 2, In general, one has to use Newton's second law taking all forces into account to analyze the ball's motion: Many forces act on a real ball, namely the gravitational force ( F G), the drag force due to air resistance ( F D), the Magnus force due to the ball's spin ( F M), and the buoyant force ( F B). The motion of a bouncing ball obeys projectile motion. The forces acting on a spinning ball during its flight are the gravitational force ( F G), the drag force ( F D), the Magnus force ( F M), and the buoyant force ( F B). Note: In this article, vectors are indicated in bold, while magnitudes and scalar quantities are indicated in italics. Forces during flight and effect on motion The bounciness of balls has been a feature of sports as ancient as the Mesoamerican ballgame. To ensure fair play, many sports governing bodies set limits on the bounciness of their ball and forbid tampering with the ball's aerodynamic properties. The motion of a ball is generally described by projectile motion (which can be affected by gravity, drag, the Magnus effect, and buoyancy), while its impact is usually characterized through the coefficient of restitution (which can be affected by the nature of the ball, the nature of the impacting surface, the impact velocity, rotation, and local conditions such as temperature and pressure). However, the exact modelling of the behaviour is complex and of interest in sports engineering. Several aspects of a bouncing ball's behaviour serve as an introduction to mechanics in high school or undergraduate level physics courses. The physics of a bouncing ball concerns the physical behaviour of bouncing balls, particularly its motion before, during, and after impact against the surface of another body. The motion is not quite parabolic due to air resistance. For the computer virus, see Bouncing Ball (virus).Ī bouncing ball. For the device used in video recording to indicate the rhythm of a song, see bouncing ball (music). For balls referred to as 'bouncy balls', see bouncy ball.
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